Європейський досвід підготовки школярів до сімейного життя в новій історії

Abstract

У статті проаналізовано історію дошлюбної підготовки учнівської молоді в Новій європейській історії. Доведено, що підготовка молоді до сімейного життя у першій половині Нової історії стосувалася в основному жіночої частини суспільства і майже не стосувалася юнаків. Вивчено перші кроки європейських шкіл щодо запровадження у буржуазну епоху зачатків статевого виховання, підготовки юнаків і дівчат до виконання в майбутньому подружніх ролей, до запровадження в шкільні учбові плани предметів, орієнтованих на підготовку до сімейного життя. Показано зміну ставлення до проблем статі та сексуальної соціалізації під впливом вчення психоаналізу, зокрема його засновника Зігмунда Фройда. Встановлено сутність трансформації змісту і механізмів дошлюбної підготовки в першій половині Нової історії і на її закінченні.

In the article the history of premarital training of school youth in a new European history is analyzed. The changes that took place in most Western European countries in relation to the solution of this problem in educational institutions are shown. The main idea of the article is a qualitative assessment of transformation of the content and approaches to forming the future familly man, presented by the works of European scientists and teachers.

The views of the teachers of the 16-17-th centuries on the women's education are presented, their mistakes in the direction of female premarital education for the future of traditional women's home duties, home economics and motherhood are pointed out. It was proved that the preparation of young people to family life in the first half of the new history concerned mainly women's part of society and almost not related to young men. In the second half of the Modern history, namely in the Bourgeois era, more and more they begin to speak about the preparation of boys and girls for future married roles, to creating harmonious relationships in marriage, to the birth of normal children and so on. A Victorian-era paradox is presented, which, on the one hand, acts as antiexsual and, on the other, is characterized by the appearance of a sexual hiding, the emergence of serious sexological studies, the increase of prostitution and enormous attention to sexual problems in teaching theory and school practice. In addition, the priority of European scientists in the development of problems of sexual education in the late 19-th and early 20-th centuries is emphasized. The change in attitudes towards sex and sexual socialization under the influence of the teaching of psychoanalysis, in particular by its founder Sigmund Freud and his opponent Alfred Adler is shown.

The thesis is proved that solving the problem of premarital training of young people has passed a serious transformation in most European countries during the Modern history. Though in the first half of the 17-th century, the preparation for family life was carried out exclusively through the implementation of women's education with an emphasis on preparing the girls for the implementation of traditional family roles -housewives and mothers, but at the end of the 18-th - the first half of the 19-th century, there is a need for specially organized educational influences on teenagers and young people in order to prepare them for marriage. In the second half of the 19-th century, the training of the youth to the family life abroad was gradually reduced to sexual socialization of the youth.