Міста Волинської губернії у другій половині ХІХ - на початку ХХ ст.: соціальна структура , адміністративний та економічний аспекти

Abstract

Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню соціальної структури, адміністративного та економічного аспектів розвитку міст Волинської губернії у другій половині ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. У роботі проаналізовано правові норми Російської імперії, на підставі яких формувалися та діяли органи громадського управління, визначено їхній вплив на розвиток міст Волинської губернії. Звернуто увагу на економічні та соціальні умови, які визначали розвиток населених пунктів, структуру населення, його чисельність. Висвітлено систему прибутків органів міського громадського управління та основні напрямки витрат у сфері муніципального господарства.

Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию социальной структуры, административного и экономического аспектов развития городов Волынской губернии во второй половине XIX – начале ХХ вв. В работе проанализированы правовые нормы Российской империи, на основании которых формировались и действовали органы общественного управления, определены их влияние на развитие городов Волынской губернии. Обращено внимание на экономические и социальные условия, которые определяли развитие населенных пунктов, структуру населения, его численность. Освещены система доходов органов городского общественного управления и основные направления расходов в сфере муниципального хозяйства.

The dissertation is dedicated to a multicenter research of social structure, administrative and economic aspects of the development of Volhynian Governorate towns in the second half of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. In the Russian Empire towns became the means of incorporated territories establishment as part of state, economic performance and political subordination. The town was considered the center of administration, political, military and financial control. The official status of the town was accredited taking into account the interests of state governance while the historical traditions, development of industry, cultural and national life within this process, on the contrary to the Western Europe, played secondary role. Administrative factor was leading in town-building in the nineteenth century. The presence of Russian administration in a principal town of a province or a powiat positively influenced the development of towns. The dynamic development of urban processes in Volhynia withheld the slow implementation of local self-governance reforms whose real effectiveness was felt only in 80-s of the nineteenth century. Economic factor became important for the development of towns in Volhynia in the second half of the nineteenth century. Separate residential communities, where they developed factory and plant industry, performed better than most powiat centers. Construction of railways gave a boost for a quicker development of railway stations. Acknowledgement of towns by the Russian governance as strategic military units and dislocation of permanent military reservations also contributed to their development. Another peculiarity was that there were five cities and a lot of towns in private property and they determined the needs for development on their sole discretion. The introduction of town reforms in Volhynian Governorate lasted longer than in the rest of the Right-bank Ukraine governorates. Being in fear of accrediting self-governance to the residents of Volhynian Governorate with a considerable number of Jewish and Polish owners the government tried to hinder the introduction of elective bodies in Volhynian Governorate. The Russian authorities promised to eliminate the differences in governing private towns, whose residents had intended to spend a part of money on town needs. The system of town community administration income, which was based on immovable property tax, income from urban land rent and different levies has been defined. It has been specified that the main areas of expense in the sphere of municipal services were the adjustment of transportation and town building, organization of medical and sanitarian maintenance of towns and fire prevention actions. Constant shortage of monetary funds in town treasuries was a considerable consequence of inadequacy of municipal legislature and caused to the continuous increase of payments and introduction of new levies. The research analyses the principles of law of the Russian Empire which formed and brought to action the bodies of civil governance and their influence on the development of Volhynian Governorate towns. We have considered the economic and social conditions which distinguished the development of residential areas, structure of population and its number.