Сучасний стан та несприятливі процеси Трубізької водогосподарської ландшафтно-технічної системи

Abstract

Проаналізовано поняття «антропогенний осередок» і «мікроосередкові процеси» та виділено на їх основі поняття «водогосподарський мікроосередок» – антропогенний мікроосередок, який сформувався у межах одного ландшафтного комплексу під впливом антропогенної водогосподарської діяльності. Зазначено, що до таких мікроосередків належать: інженерно-технічні споруди, магістральні канали, мережа осушувальних або зволожувальних каналів, що приурочені до річищно-заплавного, рідше надзаплавнотерасового, типу місцевості. Проведено ретроспективний аналіз трансформації натуральних ландшафтних комплексів у антропогенні (зміна заплавного типу місцевості на канально-заплавний). Укладено картосхему поширення несприятливих мікроосередкових процесів у межах Трубізької водогосподарської ландшафтно-технічної системи.

The concepts of «anthropogenic center» and «micro-focal processes» are analyzed and based on them the concept of «water-based micro-center» – anthropogenic micro-center, which was formed within a landscape complex under the influence of anthropogenic water management. It is noted that such micro-centers include engineering and technical structures, main canals, a network of drainage or humidification canals, which are confined to the river-floodplain, less often above-floodplain, type of terrain. Purposeful changes in the landscape structure that occur during the construction of the reclamation network, and aimed, in this case, for the benefit of man, lead to the emergence of «usefulness» of unfavorable processes. First, there is a violation of the hydrological regime not only of the landscape complexes where the system itself is built, but also of adjacent landscapes as hydrodynamically interconnected areas. An example of such a system is the water management landscape-technical system built within the basin of the Trubizh River. The Trubizh water management landscape-technical system is one of the first and largest in Ukraine reclamation system of bilateral action, located in the northwestern part of the Dnieper lowlands, and covers parts of Kyiv and Chernihiv regions. The construction of this system has led to the emergence of new micro-focal processes occurring in anthropogenic landscape micro-foci (anthropogenic paradynamic relationships), and inadequate supervision of the system – to the development of destabilizing (negative) micro-focal processes affecting not only the system but also for the development of adjacent landscape complexes. A retrospective analysis of the transformation of natural landscape complexes into anthropogenic (change of floodplain type of terrain to canal-floodplain) is carried out. It is noted that micro-focal processes within water management landscape-technical systems can develop in natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic directions. Depending on the dynamics of development, micro-focal processes are divided into four categories (stable, fading, aggressive and «pulsating»). «Pulsating» and aggressive micro-focal processes are analyzed, as they are clearly traced within the Trubizh reclamation system. Aggressive micro-focal processes are actively developing when the water management landscapetechnical system is at the stage of «destruction» (no control unit), examples are lowered ponds, abandoned landscapeengineering systems and reclamation canals. Active development and constant expansion of its boundaries are characteristic of such processes. «Pulsating» micro-focal processes include those that develop under the influence of anthropogenic factors (reclamation system is at the stage of «origin» or functioning), so they can develop (expand their boundaries) or fade (reduce the area of distribution). The map of distribution of unfavorable micro-focal processes within the Trubizh water management landscape-technical system is concluded. Negative micro-focal processes are developing along the entire reclamation system. The emergence of these processes is due to three factors: 1) inadequate supervision of the reclamation system, or complete lack of control; 2) inexpediency of construction of an open lateral reclamation network on the whole section; 3) non-compliance with norms on plowing of lands around drainage canals, lack of protective afforestation.