Роль структури водокористування в управлінні басейну річки Дністер

Abstract

У статті представлено порівняльний аналіз структури водокористування в басейні річки Дністер у 2023 році. Встановлено, що найбільші обсяги водозабору та використання свіжої води спостерігаються в межах водогосподарської ділянки від гирла річки Бик до гирла річки Дністер (в межах України). У структурі водокористування на водогосподарських ділянках басейну Дністра переважає використання води на промислові, питні та санітарно-гігієнічні потреби. У басейні річки Дністер близько 60% стічних вод очищується на очисних спорудах. Цей показник найвищий на водогосподарських ділянках річок Серет та Бистриця. У 2023 році обсяг використання оборотної води в басейні річки Дністер становив близько 2,5 млн м3 води.

In accordance with Article 131 of the Water Code of Ukraine, the territory of our country is divided into nine river basins: Dnipro, Dnister, Dunaju, Pіvdennogo Bugu, Donu, Vіsly, Prichornomor’ja, Priazov’ja and Crimea. There are 12 water management areas within the Dnister River basin. The aim of the study is to compare the volume and structure of water use in all water management plots of the Dnister basin. The study of the structure of water use in the water management plots of the Dnister River basin is extremely relevant in the context of the current challenges of sustainable water management. The Dnister basin covers the territory of several regions of Ukraine and part of Moldova, providing water to millions of people and numerous industrial, agricultural and energy facilities. Growing anthropogenic pressure, climate change, degradation of aquatic ecosystems and declining water quality require a rethinking of approaches to water resources planning and use. Structural analysis of water use allows identifying the dominant sectors of water consumption, assessing the efficiency of water intake, wastewater disposal and water treatment, and identifying potential risks and conflicts between water users. This is especially important for the implementation of integrated water resources management, as required by the EU Water Framework Directive and national legislation of Ukraine. The article presents a comparative analysis of the structure of water use in the Dnister River basin in 2023. It was found that the largest volumes of water intake and use of fresh water are observed within the water management plot from the mouth of the Byk River to the mouth of the Dnister River (within Ukraine). The structure of water use in the water management plots of the Dnister basin is dominated by the use of water for industrial, drinking and sanitary needs. In the Dnister River basin, about 60% of wastewater is treated at wastewater treatment plants. This indicator is highest in the water management plots of the Seret and Bystrytsia rivers. In 2023, the volume of recycled water use in the Dnister River basin was about 2.5 million m3 of water. So, according to the results of a comparative analysis of the structure of water use of water management areas of the Dniester basin, it was found that the territory of the water management area from the mouth of the Byk River to the mouth of the Dniester River (within Ukraine) prevails in terms of water intake from natural water bodies (M5.2.0.11). This same area is characterized by the largest volumes of fresh water use. The highest volume of total water drainage in 2023 was recorded within the water management area from the source to the mouth of the Stryi River (M5.2.0.01). In the structure of water use of water management areas of the Dniester basin, the use of water for production, drinking and sanitary and hygienic needs prevails. In the Dniester River basin, about 60% of return (waste) waters are treated at treatment facilities. This indicator is highest in the water management areas of the Seret and Bystrytsia rivers (88-99%, respectively). The lowest wastewater treatment index, and accordingly high volumes of polluted wastewater discharge, are recorded in the water management areas of the Dniester estuary and from the mouth of the Hnyla Lypa river to the mouth of the Seret river (including the Hnyla Lypa river and excluding the Bystrytsia and Seret rivers) (M5.2.0.04).