Сучасні геопросторові проблеми розвитку систем супутникової навігації, їх використання у господарській та туристичній діяльності

Abstract

У публікації охарактеризовані сучасні геопросторові проблеми розвитку систем cупутникової навігації, їх використання у господарській та туристичній діяльності. Проаналізовано актуальність проблематики використання супутникових навігаційних систем у різних сферах діяльності. Розкрито аспекти вразливості геопозиційних систем через підміну їх сигналу (спуфінг) чи глушіння. Охарактеризовано напрями використання супутникових навігаційних систем у туристичній діяльності. Проаналізовані заходи щодо запобігання спотворенню та перетворенню сигналів навігаційних супутникових систем.

The publication modern geospatial problems of satellite navigation systems development, their use in economic and tourist activities are described. The relevance of the issues of using satellite navigation systems in various fields of activity is analyzed. Aspects of vulnerability of geopositioning systems due to substitution of their signal (spoofing) or its jamming are revealed. The possible negative consequences of distortion of satellite navigation system signals are described. The contribution to the study of modern aspects of navigation systems development in the context of modern challenges in the research of ukrainian and foreign scientists is analyzed. The most common satellite navigation systems in the world are briefly described. The American GPS network is the most widespread in the world and provides the best signal accuracy. The Russian GLONASS is less popular due to frequent failures and problems with satellites. The European Galileo navigation system is a completely civilian development, although it can be used by the military to ensure the security of EU countries. The Chinese BeiDou system was developed with a strategic goal to reduce China's dependence on American or European satellite navigation. In tourism, satellite navigation systems are used mainly for the use of tourist maps and the use of geolocation for orientation in the terrain. In tourism, navigation systems are also used for orientation and tracking of groups moving by road, water or air transport. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are used to determine precise positioning (location), navigation and time (PNT). Due to navigation failures, the precise time function of PNT is often lost, which leads to a deterioration in the accuracy of geopositioning. Depending on the change in PNT, interference in the operation of navigation systems is distinguished as signal substitution (spoofing) or jamming. The features of the manifestation of spoofing or signal jamming in the operation of satellite systems are characterized. GPS failures were recorded primarily near military facilities. For the first time, spoofing and jamming technologies for satellite navigation systems were recorded back in 2008. Until then, experts considered the GPS system resistant to distortion and interference. Problems with navigation system signals were especially acute by 2019, when experts recorded numerous radio-electronic interference from Russia. The most massive damage to GPS signals was recorded in January 2024 in Poland and the Baltic Sea. Then the signals of this navigation system were jammed. Negative trends in the distortion of navigation signals continued in 2025, when they were also recorded in Bulgaria. Most often, failures concerned air transport navigation. Such events can negatively affect tourist flows and centers. To prevent distortion and transformation of signals of navigation satellite systems, a number of measures are being implemented to increase their stability: analysis of power and signal correction, use of multi-frequency and multi-system receivers, signal filtering, etc. Improved receivers contain updated firmware algorithms or digital filters that can detect and remove interfering signals. Satellite navigation systems themselves are also being improved by launching more modern satellites and increasing the number of correction stations.