Еколого - географічний аналіз надзвичайних ситуацій техногенного характеру (на матеріалах Тернопільської області)

Abstract

Проведений аналіз потенційних техногенних загроз виявив, що у межах Тернопільської області функціонують 10 радіаційнонебезпечних, 12 хімічнонебезпечних, 20 пожежонебезпечних, 16 вибухонебезпечних об’єктів. Екологічну загрозу також становить накопичення застарілих пестицидів і зберігання їх у неналежних умовах. Системною проблемою регіону є низька ефективність роботи водоочисних споруд. Аналіз техногенної безпеки Тернопільської області за період 2020–2025 рр. засвідчує переважання надзвичайних ситуацій об’єктового рівня, пов’язаних із виявленням вибухонебезпечних предметів часів Першої та Другої світових воєн (5 випадків). Попри пікові показники 2020 року, у подальшому спостерігається стабілізація частоти техногенних подій до одиничних випадків на рік, серед яких критичне значення мала транспортна аварія з витоком небезпечних хімічних речовин (3-й клас небезпеки) та авіаційна аварія. Техногенна безпека регіону в умовах воєнного стану значною мірою визначається наслідками ударів по критичній інфраструктурі, що спричиняють забруднення довкілля та деградацію систем комунального життєзабезпечення. Тож, можна констатувати, що військові дії змінили парадигму техногенної безпеки Тернопільщини — від запобігання аваріям через зношеність фондів до швидкого реагування на наслідки військових атак.

The article analyses the concept of a man-made emergency and changes in the interpretation of certain terms relating to man-made safety in regulatory acts over the last five years. Based on an analysis of the comprehensive zoning of Ukraine’s territory according to natural and man-made safety indicators, the Ternopil region has been classified as a region with a low level of risk. The structure of hazards is mixed in nature, with a predominance of natural factors (meteorological, hydrological, geological) and local man-made accidents at infrastructure facilities. An analysis of retrospective data on emergencies (E) indicates that economic risks of natural origin are a priority in the region, whilst the most likely sources of economic losses for the region from man-made risks are accidents in power supply networks, with the cumulative impact of natural hazards significantly outweighing that of man-made hazards. It has been established that the Ternopil region is characterised by the lowest level of man-made pollution in the country.The analysis of the man-made pollution index within the range of 1–10 thousand tonnes per square kilometre per year, indicates a relatively low concentration of industrial and municipal waste, distinguishing the region among the less environmentally stressed regions of Ukraine. The following sites posing a potential hazard within the Ternopil region are listed. An analysis of potential man made threats has revealed that there are 10 businesses operating within the Ternopil region that are classified as sites of increased radiation risk. These include healthcare facilities and industrial enterprises (in the processing, engineering and food sectors). It has been established that the logistical component of the region’s radiation hazard is caused by the regular transit of radioactive waste by the Lviv Specialised Plant along the route Borshchiv – Chortkiv – Ternopil – Zboriv, involving the removal of spent materials from medical facilities in Ternopil and the village of Bilche-Zolote. The man-made risk in the Ternopil region is also due to the operation of 12 chemically hazardous facilities, which have accumulated over 250 tonnes of hazardous substances (primarily hydrochloric acid, ammonia and chlorine). The geographical distribution of chemically hazardous facilities indicates a dispersion of risks, as the majority of facilities (10 sites) are located outside the regional centre. In addition to active industrial facilities, a significant environmental threat is posed by the presence in the region of substantial quantities (around 154 tonnes) of substandard agrochemicals, which require disposal to minimise latent chemical safety risks. The logistical aspect of chemical hazards in the Ternopil region is characterised by the intensive transit of hazardous chemicals by rail and road. The key risk nodes are the ‘Pidvolochysk – Ternopil – Krasne’ railway section and the stations at Ternopil, Chortkiv and Vyhnanka, where there is regular movement and shunting of wagons carrying hazardous chemicals. The road transport risk vector is concentrated along the ‘Berezhany – Ternopil – Kremenets’ route, which is used for the transit of liquefied chlorine. The high concentration of freight operations at 11 stations in the region necessitates enhanced monitoring of transport corridors as areas of heightened man-made risk. It has been established that, against the backdrop of a general reduction in atmospheric pollution, the ecosystems of the Ternopil region are subject to significant anthropogenic pressure, with surface waters being the most vulnerable component. Chemical pollution is characterised by the dominance of heavy metals, nitrogen compounds and petroleum products. Heterogeneous dynamics have been identified in the Dniester basin: whilst the condition of the main river has stabilised, an increase in copper content has been recorded in the tributaries, alongside a decrease in chromium concentration. The accumulation of obsolete pesticides and their storage in unsuitable conditions poses a long-term environmental threat. Due to breaches of health and hygiene standards, these sites act as sources of pollution for soil, atmospheric air, and surface and groundwater. In total, there are 20 fire-hazardous facilities in the region – these include petroleum product supply enterprises, the alcohol industry, as well as woodworking and furniture manufacturing facilities. Sources of man-made risk also include explosion-hazardous facilities (16 sites), comprising explosives depots, bread-making plants, as well as gas compressor and gas filling stations. A systemic problem in the region is the low efficiency of water treatment facilities (the discharge of 20% of untreated effluent leads to pollutants entering the river network). This causes the degradation of aquatic ecosystems and results in a shortage of treated water for domestic and drinking purposes. An analysis of industrial safety in the Ternopil region for the period 2020–2025 indicates a predominance of site level emergencies related to the discovery of explosive ordnance from the First and Second World Wars (5 cases). Despite the peak figures in 2020, the frequency of man-made incidents is expected to stabilise at a few isolated cases per year, among which a transport accident involving a leak of hazardous chemicals (hazard class 3) and an aviation accident were of critical importance. The region’s industrial safety under martial law is largely determined by the consequences of strikes on critical infrastructure, which cause environmental pollution and the deterioration of public utility systems. A particular threat is posed by the cumulative effect of the destruction of industrial facilities and the potential depressurisation of storage facilities containing toxic substances, which requires the implementation of new monitoring and rapid response strategies. It can therefore be stated that military operations have shifted the paradigm of industrial safety in the Ternopil region — from preventing accidents caused by ageing infrastructure to rapid response to the consequences of military attacks.