Закономірності розташування та функціонування храмових та монастирських ландшафтів у структурі міста

Abstract

Застосовано трансдисциплінарний підхід, який забезпечує науковий пошук в межах сакральної географії із використанням методологічного та методичного підходів інших наук, зокрема філософії, культурології, архітектури та ін. Визначено зміст поняття та сформульовано географічні закономірності формування храмових та монастирських ландшафтів. Охарактеризовано особливості формування та функціонування храмових та монастирських ландшафтів в структурі міста Луцька

The relevance of this study lies in the need for geographical justification, the need to rethink modern views on the laws of creation and operation of temple and monastery systems in the city structure. The studied territorial systems are considered as a subclass of sacred landscapes. The aim of the article is to study the patterns of location and functioning of temple and monastery landscapes in the structure of the city (on the example of Lutsk). The work uses a transdisciplinary approach, as the study of a complex territorial system which is a sacred landscape certainly requires the abandonment of the usual standard methods, established views, the implementation of new research technologies created at the intersection of several fields of knowledge. The study was conducted using the methods of systems analysis, structural and logical generalization, survey, mapping. The concept of temple / monastery landscapes is interpreted by us as natural-anthropogenic or anthropogenic systems, markers of which are religious buildings (church, monastery, cathedral, chapel, etc.) and functionally related areas formed in the structure of abiotic and biotic natural components, complicated by anthropogenic and man-made components associated with religious, cognitive activities of man. The sacred nature of temples and monasteries determines their key role in the formation of sacred space and dominance in the environment. Analysis of the geographical patterns of formation and functioning of temple and monastery landscapes shows that they are confined to the power, terrace and watershed types of landscapes, as well as contrasting environments, located near natural water bodies. The nature of vegetation within the studied territorial systems is determined by natural and social factors, in particular the features of relief and the local climate of the territory, the confessional affiliation of the cult building. The study of the formation and peculiarities of the functioning of temples and monasteries of Lutsk allowed to identify the following patterns: most temples and monasteries are located in the center and historical part of the city, have a dominant position in relief, built within the floodplain terrace or upper slope; the period from 1991 to the present is characterized by the process of restoration of destroyed temples and monasteries; most of the temples built after 2000 are located within residential buildings, park areas and are not characterized by a dominant (predominant) location. The article presents the author's landscape maps of individual territories of Lutsk within which the temple landscape was formed / is being formed. The process of formation and functioning of the sacred territorial system, the marker of which is the Lutsk Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral, is consistent with urban conditions and restrictions and church canons. The designed church in honor of the Mother of God of Khomsk is located within the landscape tract - steep (16°) slopes of the southern exposure on low-power eroded antropogenic modified gray podzolic soils testifies to its inconsistency with urban conditions, restrictions and restrictions. Ukrainian legislative and town-planning documentation envisages a number of planning restrictions concerning the peculiarities of the creation and functioning of sacred landscapes and ensures their preservation and use to meet the religious and cognitive needs of society. According to the city zoning plan, the studied territorial systems are located in the area of religious and ceremonial buildings, but in recent years they are actively created in the recreation area, as well as apartment buildings. Naturally, the increase in the population of cities leads to the expansion of their area. Therefore, when building new residential areas, it is advisable to provide for the formation / design within their temple landscapes.