Морфогенетичні особливості агрорендзин Західного регіону України

Abstract

Охарактеризовано особливості агрогенної трансформації рендзин Західного регіону України. Висвітлено актуальний стан дослідження морфогенетичних властивостей цих ґрунтів. Розглянуто питання їхньої класифікації та діагностики. Подано перспективи оптимізації використання і охорони агрорендзин Західного регіону України та шляхи запобігання розвитку агрогенно-деградаційних процесів в умовах довготривалого сільськогосподарського освоєння

The problem of studying changes in the morphogenetic properties of soils caused by their development and longterm agricultural use, and the development of the most effective methods for optimizing soil use is one of the most important tasks of modern soil science and related agricultural sciences. It is known that in developed soils, biological activity increases, mineralization of organic matter and its humification accelerates, processes are intensified: humus accumulation, dehumification, leaching, internal soil weathering, etc. In practice, development affects the entire complex system of soil processes that occur in the solid, liquid and gaseous phases of the soil and create new relationships between them. The soil-forming process in arable soils cannot be attributed to nature, although it develops according to the laws of nature, since along with natural factors of soil formation, a new, anthropogenic factor is constantly acting. To study the direction and nature of changes in the structure of the genetic profile and morphogenetic properties of agrorendzinas of the Western Ukrainian Region due to the manifestation of modern processes of agrogenic transformation in conditions of intensive farming, comparative-geographical, morphological-genetic, comparativeanalytical and statistical methods were used. The comparative-geographical, morphological-genetic and comparative-analytical methods in the process of studying the features of agrogenesis of the studied soils are based on the principle of representative plots. It was established that as a result of prolonged agricultural use of full-profile agrorendzinas, mainly quantitative changes in their properties occur: in arable soils, the structural and aggregate state deteriorates, significant compaction of the upper genetic horizons is observed, the humus content significantly decreases and the cation exchange capacity noticeably decreases, which leads to a deterioration of the soil-ecological conditions of these soils. Quite noticeable trends of change have been observed in recent decades, which are a consequence of the disruption of the balance of organic matter in rendzins, the deterioration of the conditions for its decomposition due to changes in soil and ecological conditions in general, an increase in the share of row crops in the structure of crop rotations, the long-term application of high doses of physiologically acidic mineral fertilizers, the use of various agrotechnical techniques. To establish the nature and direction of changes in the morphogenetic properties of agrorendzinas of the Western region of Ukraine under the influence of modern processes of agrogenic transformation in conditions of intensive farming, a comparative analysis of the values of molar ratios, indicators of the leaching coefficient (β), the content of constitutional water and the magnitude of changes in the silicate part of the soil, which we calculated according to data from different periods of research, was carried out. The features of the agrogenic transformation of agrorendzinas of the Western Ukrainian Region are characterized. The current state of research on these soils, as well as their morphogenetic properties, are highlighted. The issues of their classification and diagnostics are considered. Prospects for optimizing the use and protection of agro-forestry areas of the Western region of Ukraine and ways to prevent the development of degradation processes in the conditions of longterm development of agriculture are presented.