Історико-географічні аспекти розвитку міського пасажирського транспорту в Україні в контексті формування міст

Abstract

У статті охарактеризовані історико-географічні аспекти розвитку міського пасажирського транспорту в Україні. Міський транспорт в Україні має давні історичні традиції, оскільки перші його мережі почали працювали ще наприкінці ХІХ століття і є одними з найстаріших у Східній Європі. У розвитку міських просторів та транспорту на території України виділено 9 етапів його формування. Охарактеризовано розвиток міського пасажирського транспорту в Україні протягом кожного етапу його розвитку. Проаналізовані сучасні виклики в процесі трансформації систем міського транспорту України.

The article describes the historical and geographical aspects of the development of urban passenger transport in Ukraine. Urban transport in Ukraine has long historical traditions. The first electric transport networks in the cities of Ukraine were among the oldest in Eastern Europe. Historical and geographical studies of the development of public transport systems in Ukraine were conducted by many scientists, the results of which are reflected in reference books, monographs, and articles. In the development of urban spaces and transport in Ukraine, the authors distinguish the following stages: intensive industrialization in imperial times, the First World War and national liberation struggles, the interwar period (mass industrialization of eastern Ukraine), the Second World War, post-war reconstruction of cities, mass housing and industrial construction, the economic crisis and the decline of industrial giants, the revival of urban spaces and transport, the Russian-Ukrainian war. The prototype of modern urban transport in Ukraine was the horsedrawn tram and omnibuses, which appeared on the streets of cities at the end of the 19th century. In the 1890s, the first electric tram networks were launched in Kyiv, Lviv, Chernivtsi, and Dnipro. By 1914, trams were operating in 13 cities of Ukraine. During the First World War and the national liberation struggles (1914-1922), trams and horse-drawn trams often stopped, and in Kremenchuk, traffic was suspended. Many tram and city bus networks began operating during the mass industrialization of the cities of Central and Eastern Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1935, the first trolleybus system in Ukraine was launched in Kyiv, and later such systems were launched in Kharkiv, Donetsk, and Chernivtsi. During World War II, the urban transport networks in Ukraine suffered significant damage and destruction. Due to the destruction of the infrastructure, the tram systems in Kropyvnytskyi, Sevastopol and Kerch were dismantled. In the postwar years, the public transport networks in the cities of Ukraine were gradually restored, but there was a shortage of the necessary equipment and rolling stock. During this period, tram systems were opened in Druzhkivka, Konotop and trolleybuses in Odessa, Dnipro, Lviv, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Alchevsk, Zaporizhia. The world’s longest trolleybus line Simferopol - Yalta, 80 km long, was built in Crimea. Bus transport began to operate in most large cities. During the mass residential and industrial development of Ukrainian cities in the 1960s-1980s, more than 30 new trolleybus systems were implemented. Large-capacity buses and trolleybuses, mostly imported, began to operate in the cities. During this period, the first metros in Ukraine began to operate in Kyiv (1960) and Kharkiv (1976). After the collapse of the USSR and Ukraine gained independence, a deep economic crisis began. There was a decline in passenger transportation volume in cities, and transport operated intermittently due to a shortage of fuel, rolling stock, and spare parts. The market for private motor transportation by minibuses and small buses began to develop, leading to street congestion and increased environmental pollution. Tram (Kyiv, Kharkiv, Makiivka) and trolleybus (mainly cities in Donbas) lines were dismantled in many cities. In 1995, the third metro in Ukraine, in Dnipro, was put into operation. Since 2006-2007, due to the balancing of local budgets and the implementation of state programs, investments in the field of urban passenger transport have increased. New lines were built, and rolling stock was purchased. A significant upgrade of infrastructure and transport took place as part of the preparation and holding of the Euro 2012 Football Championship in the cities of Ukraine. However, in several cities of Donbas, the movement of urban electric transport was suspended (Makiivka, Kadiivka, Kostiantynivka, Dobropillya). In 2014, the Russian-Ukrainian war began due to the occupation of Crimea and part of Donbas, and in 2022, a full-scale invasion of Russian troops into the territory of Ukraine took place. As a result of hostilities and shelling, the urban transport infrastructure in many cities was damaged or destroyed. In many cities of Donbas near the front line, urban electric transport stopped working (Alchevsk, Bakhmut, Lysychansk, Luhansk, Avdiivka, and others). Many cities in Ukraine received assistance from partners in EU countries through rolling stock. In the process of modern transformation of urban transport systems in Ukraine, significant challenges arise: reorientation and reduction of passenger flows, changes in the functions of cities and their districts, changes in the number and employment of the population, and the introduction of innovative technologies.