Сучасний стан та шляхи вдосконалення управління землекористуванням у місті Чернівці

Abstract

У статті розкрито теоретико-методологічні засади управління землекористуванням у міських поселеннях. На прикладі міста Чернівці досліджено основні види землекористування залежно від функціонального призначення. Зазначено чинники, що впливають на структуру та динаміку міського землекористування. Виявлено низку структурних, організаційних, просторових та нормативних проблем, які обмежують управління землекористуванням у місті Чернівці.

The article reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations of land use management in urban settlements. On the example of the city of Chernivtsi, the main types of land use depending on the functional purpose are studied. The factors influencing the structure and dynamics of urban land use are indicated. A number of structural, organizational, spatial and regulatory problems that limit land use management in the city of Chernivtsi are identified. Among the main factors affecting the structure and dynamics of urban land use are: demographic pressure (population growth, migration processes); economic conditions (land prices, attractiveness for business); transport and logistical accessibility; ecological condition of the territories; regulatory framework and management capacity of the authorities. Land use in Chernivtsi has a mosaic character, which was formed historically as a result of a combination of Austro-Hungarian and Romanian urban planning traditions, Soviet industrial development, and modern (often spontaneous) developments. The spatial structure is not strictly zoned, but the city can be divided into four main functional zones: residential, industrial, recreational, and transport. Their organization, efficiency of use and interaction are the key object of study within the framework of urban land use management. Residential land use covers about 45% of the city's territory, which is the largest share among other types. Industrial land use is concentrated mainly in the Sadhirskyi district. The total area is about 12% of the city's territory. Recreational land covers about 15% of the city territory, but it is unevenly distributed. The organizational model of land management in Chernivtsi is not complete. Within the city council, there are several structures that are responsible for the distribution, inventory, approval of documentation, and supervision of construction. However, the interaction between these units is highly administrative and rarely based on digital integration or shared access to information resources. Data from the land cadastre, zoning plans, property registers, and urban planning documentation are mostly kept separately, which leads to duplication of functions, delays in decisions, and contradictions in determining the intended purpose of a particular plot. Analyzing the functional parts of land use in more detail, it can be noted that the most problematic is the residential zone. It is characterized by excessive building density, especially within the central part of the city and Soviet-era neighborhoods. At the same time, there are often no clearly defined boundaries of the adjacent territories, which creates conflicts between residents and developers. There is a critical shortage of infrastructure in new residential areas, such as schools, kindergartens, and parking lots. This reduces the quality of life of residents and puts pressure on social facilities in other neighborhoods. The population density in some neighborhoods is almost twice as high as the norms. Industrial zones in Chernivtsi, on the other hand, are characterized by underutilization. A significant number of enterprises have either ceased operations or are operating in a reduced mode, which leads to the idleness of large areas. Some of these lands remain unused for years, generating no added value for the city. At the same time, this area has the potential for revitalization - it can be transformed into mixed-use areas, logistics hubs, industrial parks, or even residential and commercial complexes. However, the lack of a clear vision of development, up-to-date zoning, and legal support for such transformations hinders any changes. Recreational areas, although they play a critical role in shaping a healthy urban environment, remain unevenly distributed across the city. The central part has access to public gardens and parks, while peripheral areas often lack public green spaces. In the newly built neighborhoods, the amount of green space per capita is several times lower than the standard. Some green areas have an unclear legal status, which creates risks of development or squatting. Coastal areas that could become public recreation areas are often used as illegal landfills or occupied by illegal structures.