Роль лісів у басейні річки Гнізни: функціонально-просторовий аспект

Abstract

Висвітлено особливості поширення лісів у басейну річки Гнізни та їх приуроченості до меж територіальних громад. Створено картосхему ареалів поширення лісових масивів в межах басейну річки Гнізни та її суббасейнів. Проаналізовано породну структуру широколистяних лісів та з’ясовано їх частку у лісах річкового басейну. Звернуто увагу на наявність заповідних масивів лісів в межах загальнозоологічних, ботанічних та ландшафтних заказників місцевого значення, а також можливості заповідання в межах перспективних регіональних ландшафтних парків.

The paper highlights the characteristics of forest distribution in the Gnizna River basin and their alignment with the boundaries of local authorities. The largest forest areas of the Gnizna river basin are concentrated in the upper reaches of the main river near the settlements of Kapustynskyi Forest and Chornyi Forest in the Zbarazh territorial community, as well as within the Tovtory Ridge near the settlements of Chumali, Oprylivtsi, Dubivtsi (the Hnizdetska River basin). A significant portion of the forest land is associated with the main Hnizna River in the vicinity of the town of Zbarazh and the settlements of Lisky, Zaluzhzhia and Staryi Zbarazh. In the middle part of the basin, forest areas are concentrated within the settlements of Biloskirka, Bavoriv, and Proshova in the Velykohayivska and Velykoberezovytska territorial communities. Within the Terebovlia territorial community in the southern part of the Hnizna river basin, forest areas are found in the vicinity of the settlements of Ostaltse, Sushchyn, Loshniv, Krovynka and the town of Terebovlia. A map of the distribution areas of forest stands within the Gnizna river basin and its sub-basins has been created. The species composition of broad-leaved forests has been analysed and their proportion within the river basin’s forests has been determined; in particular, the predominant species is common hornbeam – 50%, English oak – 30%, common ash – 8.5%, other deciduous species – 11.5%. Attention is drawn to the presence of protected forest areas within zoological, botanical and landscape reserves of local significance, and the potential for establishing protected forests within prospective regional landscape parks is assessed.

A large number of animal species are found in the protected forest areas: wild boar, roe deer, fallow deer, wolf, red fox, brown hare, squirrel, pine marten, badger and black polecat. Rodents include hedgehogs, moles and grey voles. Birds include: the great spotted woodpecker, green woodpecker, chaffinch, willow warbler, jay, wryneck, great tit, blue tit, whitethroat, blackbird, common buzzard, goshawk and tawny owl. The potential extent of protected forests has been estimated, provided a number of nature conservation projects are implemented. It was emphasised that forest land within the river basin requires conservation and restoration, as forest cover is significantly lower than scientifically established standards by 19–20%, which undoubtedly reduces the potential functional properties of forest vegetation. Such important functions of forest vegetation as the regulation of surface runoff, the regulation of groundwater reserves, the rate of evaporation from the underlying surface, and the formation of locally generated precipitation are subject to significant changes and disturbances, resulting in a transformation of the water cycle processes within the river basin.